goes without saying that an emcee without flow is
like Clark Kent without a telephone booth. Like Duke
Ellington without that swing. Know what I mean? But
what is flow anyway?
A rapper’s flow is the way that he raps, the way that
he enunciates certain words, puts emphasison other
words, puts words on certain beats or off-beats.
Technically, flow is separate from the writing itself, so
that two rappers rapping the same lines would have
different flows. But since almost every emcee raps
rhymes that he writes, flow and writing are closely
intertwined.
Since flow is so personal and varies so much from
emcee to emcee, it’s also one of the hardest things
to teach. As you’re reading through this lesson, the
most important thing to remember is that your flow
should be your own. You might copy Eminem’s flow
for a while as you’re practicing and learning, but the
goal in the end is to find your own flow, your own
voice, your own style. All of the information here is
just a starting block. It’s up to you to take it farther
and develop it into something amazing that no one’s
ever done before.
Before we go on, let’s make sure we all understand
what we mean by “line” and “bar,” because I’m going to
use these terms a lot in this section.
A bar is 4 beats
This is a little tricky because rappers and musicians
use different definitions of the word “bar.“ To some
rappers, a bar is two lines of a verse (i.e. one completed
rhyme). To other rappers it is one line of a verse. To a
musician, a bar has nothing to do with lyrics, it has to
do with the beat. And this is the definition we’re going
to use.
A bar is the time it takes to count to 4 on rhythm in a
song. This is only true of songs in 4/4 time signature,
but that includes every single rap song I’ve ever heard.
Typically the snare drum will hit on the 2nd and 4th beat in each bar. Most rap verses are either 8 or 16 bars
long. A line is whatever lyrics a rapper spits over one
bar.
Basic Tips on Flow
While every flow is unique, there are a few general
things that you can do to improve yours.
1. Count Syllables
Counting syllables is the most basic way you can make
sure that your flow is solid. The number of syllables in
your line will depend on how fast you rap, but generally
you’re going to want between 10-16 syllables per line.
You probably want most of your lines to match up in
the number of syllables. Here’s what can happen when
they don’t match up. These lines contain some good
elements but are wrecked because of the flow.
My lyrics so good, God’s reading them in heaven,
plus you know I got more bars than the candy aisle
in 7/11
Here’s the problem with that: there’s way too many
syllables in the second line. It breaks down like this:
line one has 14 syllables. Line two has 18 syllables.
That’s not going to work.
But it’s easy to fix. I’ll just find 4 syllables that I can
take out of line two without hurting the meaning of
the line. First of all, we can take out the phrase “plus
you know” from line two. That phrase is a filler anyway,
and all it does is hurt the flow. That’s 3 syllables gone,
but I want to get rid of 1 more. So I’ll change “the
candy aisle” to “candy aisles,” which gets rid of that
extra syllable. Now we’ve got:
My lyrics so good, God’s reading them in heaven,
I got more bars then candy aisles in 7/11
It’s much better. Line one has 14 syllables. Line two
has 14 syllables. The flow is much smoother. Whether
they’re conscious of it or not, lots of pro rappers keep
their syllable counts the same from line to line. Here’s
an example from Chamillionaire’s “Riding Dirty,” a big
single in 2006. Chamillionaire, a talented Houston
rapper and teenage friend of Paul Wall, rose to national
fame when Houston took over the hip-hop world in late
2005. Dubbed the “Mixtape Messiah,” Chamillionaire
made a name for himself with his deep, versatile voice
and lyrical agility.
Line # of syllables
Houston Texas, you can check my tags 9
pull me over try to check my slab 9
glove compartment gotta get my cash 9
cause the crooked cops try to come up fast 10
In these bars, Chamillionaire uses the same syllables in each bar. Most rap verses are either 8 or 16 bars
long. A line is whatever lyrics a rapper spits over one
bar.
Basic Tips on Flow
While every flow is unique, there are a few general
things that you can do to improve yours.
1. Count Syllables
Counting syllables is the most basic way you can make
sure that your flow is solid. The number of syllables in
your line will depend on how fast you rap, but generally
you’re going to want between 10-16 syllables per line.
You probably want most of your lines to match up in
the number of syllables. Here’s what can happen when
they don’t match up. These lines contain some good
elements but are wrecked because of the flow.
My lyrics so good, God’s reading them in heaven,
plus you know I got more bars than the candy aisle
in 7/11
Here’s the problem with that: there’s way too many
syllables in the second line. It breaks down like this:
line one has 14 syllables. Line two has 18 syllables.
That’s not going to work.
But it’s easy to fix. I’ll just find 4 syllables that I can
take out of line two without hurting the meaning of
the line. First of all, we can take out the phrase “plus
you know” from line two. That phrase is a filler anyway,
and all it does is hurt the flow. That’s 3 syllables gone,
but I want to get rid of 1 more. So I’ll change “the
candy aisle” to “candy aisles,” which gets rid of that
extra syllable. Now we’ve got:
My lyrics so good, God’s reading them in heaven,
I got more bars then candy aisles in 7/11
It’s much better. Line one has 14 syllables. Line two
has 14 syllables. The flow is much smoother. Whether
they’re conscious of it or not, lots of pro rappers keep
their syllable counts the same from line to line. Here’s
an example from Chamillionaire’s “Riding Dirty,” a big
single in 2006. Chamillionaire, a talented Houston
rapper and teenage friend of Paul Wall, rose to national
fame when Houston took over the hip-hop world in late
2005. Dubbed the “Mixtape Messiah,” Chamillionaire
made a name for himself with his deep, versatile voice
and lyrical agility.
Line # of syllables
Houston Texas, you can check my tags 9
pull me over try to check my slab 9
glove compartment gotta get my cash 9
cause the crooked cops try to come up fast 10
In these bars, Chamillionaire uses the same syllables each time except for the last line when he goes double
time on the words “cause the” leading into the line. (In
fact, he is rhyming in double time throughout, but his
syllables are still consistent). Putting the same number
of syllables in your lines like Chamillionaire does will
prevent them from being choppy and awkward. There
are sometimes, though, when you’ll want to use a
different number of syllables in each line to mix it up.
Just make sure you know that you’re doing it.
2. Prominent vs. Silent
More important than the number of syllables is what
kind of syllables you’re dealing with. We’ve already
covered what prominent vs. silent syllables are, check
out the chapter on multies if you need a refresher.
Let’s use the “Riding Dirty” lyrics from above and look
at what stresses Chamillionaire puts on each syllable.
Remember “/” means prominent or stressed, and “–“
means silent or unstressed.
/ - / - / - / - /
Houston Texas, you can check my tags
/ - / - / - / - /
pull me over try to check my slab
/ - / - / - / - /
glove compartment gotta get my cash
- - / - / - - / - /
‘cause the crooked cops try to come up fast
He stresses almost all the same syllables in each line to
make the rap come out smooth and uniform. The only
exception is the last line, which has an extra syllable
in it. I wonder if Chamillionaire’s high school English
teacher ever told him that he was rapping in trochaic
pentameter, which is the metric opposite of the iambic
pentameter that Shakespeare used. That’s a little trivia
in case you’re ever on final Jeopardy and the subject is
Chamillionaire vs. Shakespeare.
As you write your own raps, make sure that you’re
stressing similar syllables in each line. If you decide
to break this pattern, make sure you’re doing it for a
reason. If you’re not keeping track, your prominent
and silent syllables can really mess up your flow. This
simple example will show you what I mean. So some
kid on the internet wrote these lines:
I’m gonna kill all and murder you especially
I’ll do it easily ‘cause your not better than me
He probably counted the syllables in each line and
found out that there’s 14 in the first line, and 14 in the
second line. So he figures the syllables match so the
flow will be dope. But he’s wrong. Flow is about more
than the number of syllables. Look what happens when we check out the stressed syllables. Pay close
attention to the rhymes at the end of the lines.
- / - / / - / - / - / - -
I’m gonna kill all and murder you especially
- / - / - / - / - / - - /
I’ll do it easily ‘cause you’re not better than me
You can see from the meter that these rhymes won’t
work. It’s true that “especially” and “better than me”
are rhymes, but they’re bad rhymes because they’re
pronounced differently. You accent different syllables
when you say them. In “especially,” the “ly” is not
stressed, but in “better than me” the “me” is stressed.
Don’t rhyme a prominent syllable with a silent syllable.
It makes the rhyme sound uneven. Not every single
one of your lines with have exactly the same meter and
speech pattern. That’s okay. Just make sure that the
rhyming syllables are stressed the same way.
Practice This
Write out a rhyme and then mark the meter using slashes
and dashes to analyze how you use unstressed and
stressed syllables. Try to make sure your lines match up.
3. Breath Control
Ever heard those beginner emcees who have to gasp
for air between lines? There’s a reason you don’t hear
Snoop Dogg doing that. He has breath control.
Breath control is actually closely related to the stressed
and unstressed syllable count. The important thing is
to make sure your words are evenly spaced and aren’t
too packed into the line. Unless you’re Tonedeff or
Twista, you shouldn’t be putting 20 syllables in each
line or you’re going to run out of breath. Keep the
syllable count closer to 14, and you’ll ensure enough
space to breath.
Your breathing doesn’t always have to come at the
end of the bar, but most of the time it will. In general,
try to breathe from your diaphragm (your stomach,
basically) not just your lungs. You’ll get more air and
more control over your air flow.
4. Rhyme Scheme
Where in the line you rhyme has a lot to do with how
you flow it. For that reason, a tight rhyme scheme will
always help out your flow. For beginners: keep your
rhymes on the 4th beat of each measure (the second
snare hit in most songs). Make sure that you’re
dropping a rhyme every-other time that snare hits.
For more advanced rappers: use the in-rhyme and
multi-rhyme lessons to switch up your rhymes. You
can also take the rhymes off of the 4th beat, and move
them elsewhere in the bar. Speed
Fast
The speed with which you spit your rhymes determines
your flow as well. Speed is usually measured by how
many syllables you’re spitting in each bar. Emcees
typically drop 12-16 syllables per bar. As noted earlier,
don’t force it. Do what feels natural. And try to mix
it up.
One example of some emcees who spit fast but keep
it mixed are the two guys in Dead Prez, M-1 and
Sticman. The two bring some wild lyrical stylings to
their overtly political rap songs that tackle everything
from the failing school system and police brutality
to political propaganda and how radio stations try to
control your mind. They’re definitely worth checking
out and studying closely.
Pro Example
Hip-hop means sayin what I want never bite my
tongue, Hip-hop means teaching the young
If you feelin what I’m feelin then you hear what
I’m sayin cause these fake fake records just
keep on playin
What you sayin huh? DP bringin the funk
Let the bassline rattle your trunk, uhhh!
Punk pig with a badge wanna handcuff me
cuz my pants they tend to sag
Dead Prez, “It’s Bigger Than Hip-Hop”
Check out the example from “It’s Bigger than Hip-
Hop”. It’s some wild stuff. The rapper M-1 uses lots
of in-rhyme, lots of syllables and words, and a few
multies. Where he really differentiates himself from
other rappers, though, is how his rhyme scheme is all
over the place. None of his rhymes fall on the same
beat in the next measure. Instead, it’s almost as if he’s
rhyming out of time.
He’s also using lots of short words. He uses 68 total
words in the four lines, and 83 total syllables. That’s
an amazing 20+ syllables per line.
Practice This
Write a few lines with 15+ syllables per line, where the
rhymes do not fall on 4. The rhymes can happen anywhere
you want, but don’t put them at the end of the bar.
Slow
Some of the most talented emcees out there don’t have
the fastest flows. Don’t equate rapping quickly with
being a good rapper. A really talented rapper can rap at
almost any speed and make it sound good.
As an example of a rapper with a killer flow who raps
slower than M-1 or Eminem, let’s check out some Jay-
Z. Everybody knows that Hova spit some phat raps,
with his one of a kind mixture of hard gangsta edge
with that soft undertone and smooth delivery. Take look at the lyrics from “Moment of Clarity,” in which
Jay-Z claims that he dumbs down his lyrics for his fans
to sell more albums.
Pro Example
If skills sold, truth be told, I’d probably
be lyrically, Talib Kweli,
Truthfully I wanted to rhyme
like Common Sense
(But I did five mill) I ain’t been rhyming
like Common since
Jay-Z, “Moment of Clarity”
First thing you notice is that Jigga is using a lot fewer
words than M-1 does. In these lines, he uses only 32
words and 44 syllables. That's just 11 syllables per line.
He’s basically using some really creative variations on
the simple old school flow. But no one’s hating on him
for it. The slow speed make his lines easily understood,
and his clever wordplay on “Common Sense (Since)”
pops out. So do be afraid to rap slower, as long as you
keep it tight.
Practice This
Write a few lines with 10 syllables per line, where the rhymes
fall right on the 4 (the second snare hit). Keep it simple, but
try to make it sound phat.